Report on Airport

AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF INDIA

Introduction:

Airports Authority of India(AAI) was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into existence on 1^st april,1995. AAI has improved its strength in all fields. AAI now manages 126 airports, which include 11 international airports, 89 domestic airports and 26 civil enclaves at defence airfields. AAI also provides Air traffic Management Services over entire Indian Air space and adjoining oceanic areas with ground installations at all airports and 25 other locations to ensure safety to aircraft operations.

All major air-routes over Indian landmass are Radar covered (24 Radar installations at 11 locations) alongwith VOR/DVOR coverage (72 installations) co-located with Distance Measuring Equipment(71 installations), 39 runways provided with ILS installations with Night Landing Facilities at 36 airports and Automatic Message Switching System at 15 airports.

AAI provides improved Passenger facilities.Customer satisfaction surveys conducted periodically by outside agencies has played a vital role in knowing the deficiencies in the system and the expectations of the customers.

The continuing security environment has brought into focus the need for strengthening security of vital installations. With this in view, a number of steps were taken including induction of CISF for airport security,CCTV surveillance system at sensitive airports, latest and state-of-art X-Ray baggage inspection systems.

Information Technology holds the key to operational and managerial efficiency, transparency and employee productivity. AAI websites with domain name www.airportsindia.org.in or www.aai.aero is a popular website giving a host information about the organization besides domestic and international flight schedules and such information of interest to the public in general and the passengers in particular.

Sections of Airport:

· CNS(Communication Navigation Surveillance) section

· Fire and rescue section

· Finance section

· Security section

· Navigation section

CNS Section:

In communication we have two types of communication. They are

· Air to Ground

· Ground to ground

They use VHF-Very High Frequency in the range of 30-300 MHz.

The ground to ground communication is done with the help of a specified software named AMSS (Automated Message Switching System). AMSS is developed by ECIL(Electronics Corporation of India Limited).

We have also pririty for messages like

1. SS for FIRST Priority

2. FF,DD for SECOND Priority

3. GG,KK for THIRD Priority

In general we know that, IST=5.30+GMT.

Types of Messages

· Departure Message

· Arrival Message

· Cancellation Message

· Delay Message

· Flight Plan

· Meterological Message

· NOTAM(Notice To Airmen)

The Message is usually START by ZZZZ and it is END by NNNN. This below fiqure shows the basic message format

Components Required for AMSS :

· VOIP-Voice Over Internet Protocol

· 64 Kbps MODEM

· Ethernet switch

· Router

Flight Plan (FPL)

o NOTAM N-New

o NOTAM R-Replace

o NOTAM C-Cancellation

And there are also series in them like A series or C series. Depending on them it gets its validity for hours. And the example for flight plan window will look like this

It also contains information like

· Message Type

· Aircraft Indent

· Flight Rules

· Type of Flight

· Type of Aircraft

· Turbulance cal

· Equipment

· Departure

· Time

· Speed

· Level

· Route

· Designation

· TotalEET(Total Estimated Ellapsed Time)

NAVIGATION FACILITIES

· DVOR

· DME

· NDB

· ILS

Navigation works on the priciple of Modulation. Use of Electro Magnetic Pulse Induction Technology enables an efficient navigation.

SECURITY FACILITIES

· XBIS

· DFMD

· HHMD

· ETD

PUBLIC FACILITIES

· FIDS

· PAS

· CCTV

Then in general, we have ICAO(International Civil Aviation Organisation) which is present in Mondreal(canada) and DGCA(Director General of Civil Aviation).

The whole world is divided into 22 Non-overlapping regions. And each regions is assigned a letter. According to that, India is assigned a letter “V”.

In India also we have four main dicisions of the regions as

1. Chennai VO

2. Mumbai VA

3. Kolkatta VE

4. Delhi VI

Location of Madurai is indicated by VOMD. We also have

TR- Trivandrum

CC-Calicut

TK-Thuthukudi

CODE	Meaning
YHYX	Airport Controller
YTYX	Communication Incharge
YOYX	Air traffic control incharge
YFYX
ZTZX	Air Traffic Control Tower
YMYX	Meterological Tower

CNS(Communication Navigation and Surveillance)

The CNS department of the AAI is the most vital department which gives the technical support for the ATC(Air Traffic Controller) for proper aircraft services. The CNS uses a number of equipments for helping the pilot drive the flight in the proper route.

Communication Equipments

For ground to air communication the equipments used are VHF transmitters and receivers. We use VHF(Very High Frequency) for transmission of signals because noise and distortion in VHF is very less.VHF is the radio frequency range from 30MHz to 300MHz. It is also known as the meter band or meter wave. VHF uses ground wave propagation to transmit signals. Common uses of VHF are FM radio broadcasting at 88-108MHz and television broadcast.

The VHF transmitter consists of an oscillator, power amplifier, direction coupler, modulator and an antenna which transmits the modulated signal. The VHF receiver consists of a receiving antenna, mixer, local oscillator, IF amplifier, Detector, Demodulator and audio & power amplifier.

AMSS(Automatic Message Switching System):

This AMSS is used for ground to ground communication that is it is used to communicate between airports. Using AMSS officials from one airport can send any information regarding flight plan, time and place of arrival, time and place of departure, the route of the flight, any cancellation or delay of flights or failure in any of the equipment in the airport.

The AMSS uses an unique code for sending messages. The message starts with ZCZC and ends up with NNNN. All the airport in the world use the GMT(Greenwich Mean Time). The AMSS has unique code for each airports. So the employees of the airport can understand the message which is in the form of codes.

Navigation equipments

Navigation means moving from one place to another. So the equipments which are used for helping the pilot to give the information about the exact position of the flight are called navigation equipments. Some of the navigation equipments are DME, DVOR and NDB.

DME(Distance Measuring Equipment):

DME is a transponder based radio navigation technology that measures the distance by timing the propagation delay of VHF radio signals.

DME is similar to a secondary radar, except in reverse. The aircraft interrogates the ground transponder with a series of pulse-pairs. The ground station replies with an identical sequence of reply pulse-pairs with a precise time delay. The DME receiver in the aircraft searches for pulse-pairs with the correct time interval between them. The correct time between pulse-pairs is determined by each individual aircraft’s particular interrogation time. This time is directly calibrated to the distance.

A radio pulse takes around 12.36 microseconds to travel one nautical mile to and fro, this is referred to as a radar mile. The time difference between interrogation and reply minus the 50 microsecond ground transponder delay is measured by the interrogator’s timing circuitry and translated into a distance measurement in nautical miles is then displayed in the cockpit.

DVOR(Doppler VHF Omni Range):

This DVOR uses the principle of Doppler effect.It is used to direct the flight. In DVOR equipment we have one central carrier antenna. It is surrounded by 48 antennas in the shape of a circle separated by an angle of 22.5 degree.It has two 30Hz signals. One 30Hz signal is called reference signal and the other is called variable signal.

We choose the carrier signal a 113.6MHz. The carrier signal is modulated with the reference signal, ident(station code) and voice.The variable signal is given to the carrier antenna with the help of the rotating dipole.This modulated signal an the receiving signal will be modulated in the space. This is known as space modulation.

At the receiving end , this signal will be demodulated to get two 30Hz signals having same phase.These signals will be rotated electronically along the 48 antennas. Only the side bands of the modulated signal will be in th rotating dipole.These variations are sensed by the aircraft and the aircraft follows the correct path. The frequency range of DVOR is112-118MHz.

NDB(Non-Directional Beacon):

A NDB is a radio broadcast station in a known location, used as an aviation navigational aid.This NDB is used for identifying the station. NDB operates at low and high frequency ranges.It has a transmitter,antenna changeover unit, control unit and monitor unit.The short range NDB is used for low power applications which require less than 50W. It’s range is 50 nautical miles. Long range NDB is used for high power applications which require power of about 1KW. It’s range is 250 nautical miles. NDB uses vertical polarization. For NDB, symmetrical t antenna are used.

Landing Equipments

ILS(Instrument Landing Sytem):

This instrument is used to help the pilot to land safely in the runway. The two main components of ILS are

1. Localiser

2. Glide Path.

1.Localiser:

This localizer gives the pilot the centre of the runway. The localizer is a series of antenna placed at the end of the runway. We have two signals of frequency 90Hz and 150 Hz. To the left of the runway 90Hz signal predominates. To the right of the runway 150Hz signal predominates. But at the centre of the runway both the signals are equal. At that point the DDM(Difference in Depth of Modulation) will be zero.Suppose if the flight is to te left of the runway the pointer in the CDI(Course Deviation Indicator) will move right so that the pilot should move the flight towards right and vice versa. Here modulation is 40%.

2.Glide Path:

The glide Path is a device used to instruct the pilot about the angle in which to land in the runway.We should specify the touch down point, the point at which the flight should land in the runway.Depending upon that point, the point where the DDM is zero is the angle in which the flight should land.

Security equipments

These security equipments are used to ensure the safety of the passengers and due to the threat of terrorists.

XBIS(X-Ray Baggage Inspection System):

This X-Ray Baggage Inspection System uses X-rays to check the bags of the passengers. XBIS scans the bags and compares the atomic number of each thing present inside with the atomic number of certain objects stored earlier in the processor inside this equipment.

DFMD(Door Frame Metal Detector):

This door frame metal detector will be in the form of the door frame. The passengers are made to pass through this and if they carry any metallic object it will give an alarm. But the major drawback with this equipment is that it can sense only metals. It uses the Faraday’s Law.

HHMD(Hand Held Metal Detector):

This HHMD is used to check the entire body of the passengers. This HHMD is moved all over the body of the passenger. If they carry any metal object it will give an alarm. This also has the drawback of sensing only metals. It also works on the principle of Faraday’s Law.

Explosive Trace Detector:

This explosive Trace Detector is used to find the presence of any traces of narcotics and explosives. The baggage of passengers are wiped with a piece of paper. This paper is inserted with the help of the spoon into this equipment.This equipment will convert these particles into ions. Then these ions are compared with the samples stored in the equipment using the processor present inside it.

Public Facilities

These facilities are made available to the passengers to know about the flight informations.

FIDS(Flight Information Display Systems):

This system is used to provide display system for the passengers about the flight arrival and departure in a screen so that it may help the people come know the informations by themselves.

PAS(Public Announcement System):

This public announcement System is used to announce the people about the arrival of flioght, departure of flight, security checking, delay of flight arrival.

CCTV(Close Circuit Tele Vision):

This CCTV is used to monitor the activities going on among the passengers. This may e used for future use. The activities of the passengers is recorded using secret cameras placed.

Recording Devices

One of the most important recording device is DVTR(Digital Voice Tape Recorder). It is used to record the voice in analog form and convert it into digital form. This can be used for further investigation purposes. We can use this DVTR to record and replay. It uses the software OS2.It can control 128 channels. The advantage of this equipment is that we can record and replay simultaneously. We can record 15 channels and replay 4 channels at a time.